South Africa’s ruling African National Congress (ANC) is grappling with internal discord as it undergoes restructuring, while facing growing opposition from the uMkhonto weSizwe (MK) party, led by former President Jacob Zuma. MK has accused the ANC of pushing a liberal agenda and consolidating power, adding to the country’s political tensions.
The ANC’s electoral decline has been historic, with its vote share falling below 50% for the first time since the end of apartheid. This loss forced the party to form a Government of National Unity (GNU) in coalition with the Democratic Alliance (DA) and other parties. President Cyril Ramaphosa described the alliance as South Africa’s “second miracle,” expressing confidence in its potential to restore economic stability.
However, the GNU has faced sharp criticism, particularly from the MK party, which argues that the existing constitution favors elites and promotes neoliberal policies. MK parliamentary leader John Hlophe has called for scrapping the constitution, claiming it obstructs land reform and traditional leadership empowerment. He went as far as labeling the GNU “treasonous” and a “deal with the devil.”
Factionalism within the ANC has further weakened the party, exposing deep-seated divisions among senior leaders. Public disputes have cast doubt on the party’s ability to maintain unity and effective governance.
The MK party, formed by Zuma following his expulsion from the ANC, has capitalized on these divisions, securing the third-largest representation in parliament. Its success has been fueled by defections from other parties, including the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF). Floyd Shivambu, the EFF’s former deputy leader, resigned to join MK, citing a greater alignment with his vision for economic liberation.
The EFF is also facing turmoil, with key figures leaving and its vote share dipping below 10%. Analysts attribute this decline to leader Julius Malema’s rigid leadership style and failure to plan for succession, raising concerns about the party’s long-term viability.
Meanwhile, the DA, a key partner in the GNU, has raised concerns over the coalition’s functioning. The party has formally disputed the lack of consultation on key policies, including health and land expropriation laws. DA leader John Steenhuisen has warned that unequal decision-making within the coalition could threaten its stability.
As the ANC navigates both internal and external challenges, South Africa’s political future remains uncertain. The party’s ability to manage factional conflicts, counter opposition criticism, and sustain cohesion within the GNU will determine its role in the country’s governance in the years ahead.